Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Mechanics In Civil Engineering, is taught in schools for us to understand how fluids behave may it be liquids or gases, and whether the fluid is at rest or in motion. For engineering students it’s one of the basic subjects you’re introduced to early on, and for good reason. Knowledge about fluid behavior is of fundamental importance to mechanical, civil, chemical, and many other fields of engineering.

In the context of Fluid Mechanics In Civil Engineering, understanding fluid behavior is crucial for designing structures that interact with water, such as bridges and dams.

At its core, fluid mechanics is split into two parts:

Key Equations

Bernoulli Equation

Density

Buoyant Force

Specific Weight

Viscosity

Continuity Equation (incompressible)

Pressure

Hydrostatic Force (horizontal)

Surface Tension

Absolute Pressure

Pressure variation with depth (h)

SUMMARY
Chapter 1: Properties of Fluid

• Density is the ratio of mass of fluid and its volume.
• Specific weight is the weight of the fluid per unit volume.
• Specific Gravity is the ratio of density of a substance to the density of water.

Chapter 2: Hydrostatic Pressure

• Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to its weight.
• The pressure at an point of a static homogenous fluid is the same in all directions.
• Atmospheric Pressure is the pressure exerted by the atmosphere. It varies with altitude and weather conditions.
• Absolute pressure is measured relative to a perfect vacuum, meaning it includes atmospheric pressure.
• Gauge pressure is the pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure. It indicates the pressure above or below the atmospheric level.

Chapter 3: Hydrostatic Forces

• Hydrostatic Forces on Plain Surface
• Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surface
• Moment of Inertia along the Neutral Axis

Chapter 4: Buoyancy

• Buoyancy is the upward-directed force a fluid exerts on an object that’s been immersed into it.
• Archimedes’ Principle: Any object completely or partially submerged in a fluid experiences an upward force (buoyant force) equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

Chapter 5: Stability on Floating Bodies

• Types of Stability: Stable, Neutral and Unstable Equilibrium
• Center of Gravity and Center of Buoyancy
• Metacentric Height

Chapter 6: Analysis of Dams

• Analysis of Dam
• Overturning, Sliding and Uplift Pressure
• Foundation Pressure

Chapter 7: Relative Equilibrium of Fluids

• Horizontal Translation, Inclined Translation, and Vertical Translation
• Rotational Translation
• Cases of overflow

Chapter 8: Bernoulli’s Equation

• Bernoulli Equation states that in a steady, incompressible, and frictionless flow, the total mechanical energy of the fluid remains constant along a streamline.
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed—only transferred.
• Bernoulli’s Equation with Correction Factor

Chapter 9: Principles of Fluid Flow

• Principles of Fluid Flow
• Discharge or Flow Rate
• Continuity Equation

Chapter 10: Fluid Flow Measurements

• Device Coefficients: Coefficient of Contraction, Coefficient of Velocity, Coefficient of Discharge.
• Orifices
• Nozzle
• Pitot Tube

Chapter 11: Laminar vs Turbulence

• The Reynolds number (Re) predicts whether a flow is laminar or turbulent. It’s a dimensionless number comparing inertial and viscous forces:
• Laminar flow is smooth and orderly.
• Turbulent flow is chaotic.
• Head loss is related to the flow and the properties of the pipe according to the Darcy-Weisbach equation: